2024 Fastbridge cbm reading

FastBridge is a universal screening, diagnostic reporting, and progress-monitoring tool that combines Computer-Adaptive Testing (CAT) with Curriculum-Based Measures (CBM) for reading and math grades K-8. FastBridge builds a strong Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) that ensures educators have the right tools and the right data to provide .... Duluth trading outlet locations

FastBridge obtains a Lexile® reading measure for each aReading score. Because the S2i report does not report aReading for K and 1 we do not report the Lexile® in this report for those grades. Lexile® measures are available in the data download for grades K-12. We are exploring other locations for Lexile® measures within the FastBridge ...Progress monitoring (and screening) for both academics and SEB with just one subscription. Uses curriculum-based measures (CBMs) for more frequent, 1:1 assessment of specific skills. Integrated with Renaissance’s practice and instruction products to connect screening with targeted skill-building. Research-based, brief, valid, and reliable.aMath is a computer-adaptive test (CAT) of broad mathematics skills for students in grades K through 12. aMath items are based on the recommendations of the National Math Panel (2008) and National Common Core Standards (CCSS; 2010). aMath is designed to identify those students with deficits in math achievement in need of additional instruction ...The current study examined the diagnostic accuracy of two common screening assessments in reading, FastBridge Adaptive Reading (aReading) and Curriculum Based Measurement of Oral Reading (CBM-R) when used to predict future performance on the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment – Third Edition (MCA-III) in spring of 3rd grade.The first step is to open FastBridge Learning - and click Reporting. Scroll down to the Screening To Intervention Report and click Reading.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.FastBridge offers reading assessment tools that are grounded in Science of Reading research. Our CAT and CBM reading assessments identify the specific literacy skills causing a student to struggle and provide evidence-based recommendations on how to close skill gaps.Join us to learn how FastBridge provides efficient and effective K-12 Universal Screening and Progress Monitoring for reading, math and social emotional behavior. See how you can save time and effort with FastBridge’s single platform that aggregates, visualizes, and shares data at the student, class, school, and district levels.At this point in the school year, interventions have been happening for about 4-6 weeks and progress monitoring data have been collected per the intervention plan or per IEP goals. School staff are ready to look at progress monitoring graphs and reports, and put data-based decision-making into practice. This week’s blog provides guidance on ...Reading & Math: 1 hour: Student Instruction: 8/21-9/8: 5. FastBridge CBM System: All K-1 and select students in 2-8 : Reading & Math: K-1, 5 mins 2-8, 35 mins: Student Instruction: 8/28/-9/8: 6. WINTER: FastBridge CBM System: All K and select students in 1st-8th : Reading & Math : K, 5 mins 1-8, 35 mins: Student Instruction: 12/4-12/22: 7 ...CBMmath Process Scoring Methods. Math Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) has been available for over 30 years and provides an important tool for both screening and progress monitoring students’ math skills. Although available, it is not used as widely as CBM for reading, perhaps because traditional formats such as paper and pencil are more ...COMPefficiency Overview. The FastBridge Comprehension Efficiency assessment was designed to measure the quality and efficiency of the comprehension processes that occur during reading and the qualities of the comprehension product that is left after reading. It is currently part of the FastBridge Research Lab.About easyCBM Reading Measures. Like all measures on easyCBM®, alternate forms of each reading test were designed to be of equivalent difficulty, so teachers can progress monitor students from the initial screening assessments, through their progress monitoring tests every month throughout the year, comparing progress to subsequent screening assessments (winter and spring).Feb 9, 2021 ... CBM reading Tutorial. Patricia Horan•853 views · 5:23. Go to channel · Out of a Jar by Deborah Marcero | A Children's Storytime Read Aloud.dichotomous (defined by a cut-point on a reading test given later in the students’ career). Where this cut-point is set (e.g., the 10th or 40th percentile) and the specific criterion reading test used to define reading failure (e.g., a state test or SAT 10) greatly affects which students a screen seeks to identify” (RTI Network, 2015).The generalizability of CBM survey-level mathematics assessments: Just how many samples do we need? School Psychology Review, 31, 514-. Reading. Ardoin, S. P., & Christ, T. J. (2009). Curriculum-based measurement of oral reading: Standard errors associated with progress monitoring outcomes from DIBELS, AIMSweb, and an …Go to the Screening tab. Select the earlyReading assessment. Select the OS column from the earlyReading English Screening page. To administer this assessment for purposes of Progress Monitoring: Log into the FastBridge system as a teacher or a specialist. Go to the Progress Monitoring tab. Use the filters to find the correct group of students.The exception is that in the Spring only, seventh grade students below the 30th %ile on Reading MAP complete additional FastBridge assessments to help determine possible eligibility for reading intervention support in eight grade. Literacy assessments include reading grade level passages (also called a Reading Curriculum-Based Assessment or …In 2017, Hasbrouck and Tindal published an Update of Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) Norms , compiled from three widely-used and commercially available ORF assessments ( DIBELS , DIBELS Next, and easy CBM), and representing a far larger number of scores than the previous assessments. The table below shows the mean oral reading fluency of …These PDFs provide the benchmarks for each of the FASTtrack assessments in an easy-to-use, printable format. FASTtrack Reading Benchmarks by Grade - Google Sheets.pdf. 90 KB. FASTtrack Math Benchmarks by Grade.pdf. 90 KB. The Training and Resources tab contains benchmarks and norms for each FastBridge assessment.The exception is that in the Spring only, seventh grade students below the 30th %ile on Reading MAP complete additional FastBridge assessments to help determine possible eligibility for reading intervention support in eight grade. Literacy assessments include reading grade level passages (also called a Reading Curriculum-Based Assessment or … CBMcomp. CBMcomp is a supplemental assessment to CBMreading that measures oral reading fluency and students’ ability to recall information from passages of connected text. Reading comprehension extends beyond the fundamental aspects of reading to include the identification and use of meaning in both its explicit and implicit forms. No, CBM-Reading does not provide a direct measure of reading comprehension. 1. CBM-Reading indicates comprehension. Shinn et al., 1992; Marcotte & Hintze, 2009 2. Automaticity is a pre-requisite to reading comprehension. Free up cognitive resources to focus on comprehension (Slocum et al., 1995) 3. Comprehension enables reading …Step into a world of unparalleled internet performance as FastBridge Fiber brings exceptional connectivity right from your own neighborhood through our 100% fiber optic network. our mission By prioritizing you, our valued customer, we are dedicated to cultivating connected communities that thrive, as we provide a faster and more dependable internet …dichotomous (defined by a cut-point on a reading test given later in the students’ career). Where this cut-point is set (e.g., the 10th or 40th percentile) and the specific criterion reading test used to define reading failure (e.g., a state test or SAT 10) greatly affects which students a screen seeks to identify” (RTI Network, 2015).FastBridge. Reading, Math, and Social-Emotional Behavior (K–12) Screening and progress monitoring across math, reading, and social-emotional behavior (SEB) in one platform with built-in intervention recommendations . Key Benefits: Progress monitoring (and screening) for both academics and SEB with just one subscription; Uses curriculum …FastBridge Reading Screening Benchmarks Grades K-3 During the 2018-19 school year, Lindbergh has used FastBridge benchmark scores to determine risk levels (low, some, or high risk) for each subtest across the year. Scores across the year have been uploaded to SIS. Please click on your child’s grade level below to view Fall, Winter, and Spring …FastBridge obtains a Lexile® reading measure for each aReading score. Because the S2i report does not report aReading for K and 1 we do not report the Lexile® in this report for those grades. Lexile® measures are available in the data download for grades K-12. We are exploring other locations for Lexile® measures within the FastBridge ...earlyReading English is a suite of 14 subtests that measure important early literacy skills. When used for screening, 4 subtests are administered at a time. Available for grades K and 1 in English and Spanish. Here is a summary of all of the earlyReading English subtests and the skills measured.FastBridge Targets – Reading CBM-Reading aReading & AUTOReading Composite. ... Sentence Reading 0-6 7-12 13-25 26-40 41 Early Reading (K & 1) Updated 1/21 CBMR 0 ...FastBridge’s research-based assessments are an industry first — combining Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) and Computer Adaptive Tests (CAT) with combined reporting. FastBridge was designed to reduce the typical 10- to 30-year gap between university research and classroom results to a few years. “At the risk of being effusive, I want to ...This chart shows all assessments, currently available, by level. The level corresponds to the grade. The grade levels displayed in the table below reflect the content included in the measures for that level. For students who are significantly below grade level skills, most all FAST progress measures can be used off grade level.COMPefficiency Overview. The FastBridge Comprehension Efficiency assessment was designed to measure the quality and efficiency of the comprehension processes that occur during reading and the qualities of the comprehension product that is left after reading. It is currently part of the FastBridge Research Lab.Interpreting the Group Screening Report: Interpreting this report is broken up into two pieces, the top bar graphs (A) and the bottom student information (B). A. Scores of Students in Group by Normative (or Benchmark Categories)- This shows the percentage of students in the normative or benchmark categories. If you put your cursor on the bar it ...Note: This assessment requires the sound to be on. The Formative Assessment System for Teachers™ (FastBridge) Adaptive Reading (aReading) assessment is a computer-adaptive measure of broad reading ability that is individualized for each student. aReading provides a useful estimate of broad reading achievement from kindergarten through …The FastBridge assessment system includes reading, math and social-emotional behavior (SEB) tests that help teachers learn which students need extra help. Some of these FastBridge tests are used with all students for Universal Screening. Other FastBridge tests are used with students who participate in extra help so the teacher can see the student’s …Apr 15, 2021 ... Fastbridge Reports Overview - 4-15-21. 330 ... CBM reading Tutorial. Patricia Horan•870 ... How to create a FastBridge report as a PDF. Tim ...The FastBridge CBMs are narrow measures of specific skills. Combining the FastBridge CAT and CBM math assessments allows teachers to know which students are not on-track to meet math goals and why. It is the FastBridge combination of general and specific skills, as well as guidance about the best math interventions, that makes it truly unique.How to Read a Property Tax Bill. Property tax is usually calculated by and paid to the local government of the county or municipality where your property is located. As a property ...FastBridge researchers extended the national seasonal and growth norms through Grade 6. The Grade 6 norms will be the basis for national percentiles and risk benchmarks through Grade 12. FastBridge CBMmath Automaticity is a set of brief (less than 5 minutes) 30- or 40-item fixed form testsTimed at 4 minutes, the score is calculated as the number answered per 10 minutes. Below are example goals for the student to be considered proficient in the particular skill set. Single-skill: 60 items per 10 min. Multi-skill: 50 items per 10 min. GOM- …The FastBridge adaptive assessments for reading and math reduce testing time by up to 50-95% when compared with traditional screeners. Our extensive research has enabled the aReading test of 30 to 60 items to replace a traditional test of about 100 items with equal or greater accuracy and actionable results. The type of questions and response format is …FastBridge offers the following: Because of the controversial nature of grade equivalent scores and the high likelihood of introducing confusion when interpreting those scores, we do not currently provide grade-level equivalents. They so easily are misinterpreted by parents -- and even often by educators -- that we have avoided them.The earlyMath assessment suite includes 16 CBM math assessments covering 13 concepts. Based on research, FastBridge recommends three subtests that vary across K and grade 1 for screening. Remaining assessments may be used to further evaluate skill deficits. Results help identify student risk while informing instruction.CONTACT US 530 Technology Drive Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92618 949-656-3133The FastBridge dyslexia screener utilizes several universal assessments for reading to provide information about a student’s overall risk for dyslexia. ... • CBM Reading At or below 15th percentile High Risk ) earlyReading • Word Segmenting • Nonsense Words • Sight Words—150 • CBM Reading At or below 15th2 38. 2 39. 2 40 381 395 414 397 420 428 413 427 436 420 433 442 424 437 447 427 440 451 430 443 455 433 447 458 435 450 460 437 452 462 439 455 464 441 457 465 442 459 467 444 460 468 445 462 469 446 463 470 448 464 471 449 465 472 450 466 473 451 467 474 453 468 475 454 469 476 456 470 477 457 470 478 458 471 478 459 472 479 460 …assessments in reading, FastBridge Adaptive Reading (aReading) and Curriculum Based Measurement of Oral Reading (CBM-R) when used to predict future performance on the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment – Third Edition (MCA-III) in spring of 3rd grade. The sample consisted of 164 students enrolled in a school district in the Upper Midwest.When progress monitoring with CBMmath Process, the progress monitoring report will display a graph and table of student performance. The graph displays each obtained score and the specific score value can be viewed by hovering over the data point or goal line. Under the main graph is a smaller graph that shows the number of student errors.The site has CBM early literacy, oral reading fluency and Maze passages that span grades 1-12. In math, STEEP includes early math skills, math computation assessments, measures based on the Focal Point Standards in Mathematics from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, and Concepts and Applications measures for secondary grades.Reading & Math: 1 hour: Student Instruction: 8/21-9/8: 5. FastBridge CBM System: All K-1 and select students in 2-8 : Reading & Math: K-1, 5 mins 2-8, 35 mins: Student Instruction: 8/28/-9/8: 6. WINTER: FastBridge CBM System: All K and select students in 1st-8th : Reading & Math : K, 5 mins 1-8, 35 mins: Student Instruction: 12/4-12/22: 7 ...FastBridge - Reading Assess reading skills, guide data-driven interventions with research-based reading assessments that combine CAT and CBM. Skip to content (800) 338-4204FastBridge combines curriculum-based measures (CBM) and computer-adaptive tests (CAT) to support screening and progress monitoring across reading, math, and social-emotional behavior (SEB). Universal …Lightning-fast fiber internet. Finally. Speed is relative. What used to feel like high-speed internet just doesn’t cut it any longer. What are you waiting for? sign up Welcome to fastbridge fiber Experience a new era of connectivity with FastBridge Fiber, where blazing-fast speeds redefine your online experience. Step into a world of unparalleled internet … COMPefficiency Overview. The FastBridge Comprehension Efficiency assessment was designed to measure the quality and efficiency of the comprehension processes that occur during reading and the qualities of the comprehension product that is left after reading. It is currently part of the FastBridge Research Lab. This chart shows all assessments, currently available, by level. The level corresponds to the grade. The grade levels displayed in the table below reflect the content included in the measures for that level. For students who are significantly below grade level skills, most all FAST progress measures can be used off grade level.Jul 27, 2022 ... Table 4: Scores on FastBridge aReading Benchmark Assessment ……………… 30. Table 5: Scores on FastBridge CBM Benchmark Assessment ………………….. 30.Oct 7, 2022 ... Reading Science Academy•2.6K views · 2:38 · Go to channel · How ... CBM reading Tutorial. Patricia Horan•839 ... Fastbridge Reading. MiMTSS&nbs...CBMmath Automaticity. The screening data provides a baseline for progress monitoring, either with multi-skill assessments with the same skill distribution as the screener, or individual skills assessments that each assess one of the skills from the screener. The screening data is also valuable for further diagnostic analysis of skill … The earlyMath assessment suite includes 16 CBM math assessments covering 13 concepts. Based on research, FastBridge recommends three subtests that vary across K and grade 1 for screening. Remaining assessments may be used to further evaluate skill deficits. Results help identify student risk while informing instruction. CBMreading Spanish (1-5) is an evidence-based assessment used to screen and monitor student progress in reading competency for grades 1-5. It uses easy, time-efficient assessment procedures to determine a student’s general reading ability across short intervals of time (i.e., weekly, monthly, or quarterly). Students read aloud for one minute ...FastBridge Learning, LLC [email protected] 150 South Fifth Street, Suite 600, Minneapolis, MN 55402 612-254-2534 www.fastbridge.org. Initial Cost: $7.50 per student ... Because CBM Reading is a timed measure internal consistency reliability is not appropriate.Third Grade Goals: All students will read at or above grade level by the end of third grade. On the FastBridge Oral Reading Fluency (R-CBM) Assessment, 80% of third grade students will meet FastBridge default benchmark proficiency targets, indicating students are on track to meet grade-level standards in MN.. By May of 2021, 80% of third grade …FastBridge obtains a Lexile® reading measure for each aReading score. Because the S2i report does not report aReading for K and 1 we do not report the Lexile® in this report for those grades. Lexile® measures are available in the data download for grades K-12. We are exploring other locations for Lexile® measures within the FastBridge ...FastBridge recommends that teachers focus on teaching and supporting students to master the Developing Skills for each of the CCSS categories. aReading Score Interpretation Guide. The attached Score Guide lists the aReading scores according to bands of 50 points, starting at 350 and ending at 750. Each score band lists the skill categories ...CONTACT US 530 Technology Drive Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92618 949-656-3133FastBridge obtains a Lexile® reading measure for each aReading score. Because the S2i report does not report aReading for K and 1 we do not report the Lexile® in this report for those grades. Lexile® measures are available in the data download for grades K-12. We are exploring other locations for Lexile® measures within the FastBridge ...Constantly buying books you never get around to reading? Try this. Do you have a massive TBR (“to be read”) pile? You’re not alone. There are so many great books out there, and so ...The three FastBridge™ CBMmath measures vary in the amount of typical and expected growth over time. CBMmath CAP is sensitive to student growth over longer periods of time, but less sensitive over shorter periods. Using the fifth grade norms shown above and selecting the scores at the 50th percentile, we see that typical growth on this ...AUTOreading. AUTOreading emerged from many years of research as a fully automated, computer-administered measure of decoding, word identification, and comprehension. It can be used both for universal screening and progress monitoring. AUTOreading includes eight individual subtests of 30 items, with one to four subtests recommended per grade ...Join us to learn how FastBridge provides efficient and effective K-12 Universal Screening and Progress Monitoring for reading, math and social emotional behavior. See how you can save time and effort with FastBridge’s single platform that aggregates, visualizes, and shares data at the student, class, school, and district levels. Reading, math, and social-emotional behavior assessments. FastBridge’s valid and reliable assessments help educators identify students’ academic and social-emotional behavior (SEB) needs faster, align the right interventions at the right time, and measure whether interventions are helping students catch up—all in one platform. FastBridge is the only system to offer both Curriculum-Based Measures ( CBM) and Computer Adaptive Tests ( CAT) for reading, math, and social-emotional behavioral ( SEB ). Our combined universal screening approach improves the reliability and validity of decisions by giving teachers more accurate data about student learning faster than any ...This study evaluated the impact of alternate task demands using standard and modified directions for Curriculum Based Measurement of Oral Reading (CBM-R). There ...fastbridge teacher login | fastbridge teacher login ... how to read fastbridge results: 0.87: 0.6: 9842: 56: what is fastbridge assessment: 1.46: 0.2: 6036: 100: fast for teachers login: ... 4458: 79: fast teacher log in: 0.28: 0.9: 3430: 91: Search Results related to fastbridge teacher login on Search Engine. FastBridge CAT and CBM reading ...FastBridge offers the following: Because of the controversial nature of grade equivalent scores and the high likelihood of introducing confusion when interpreting those scores, we do not currently provide grade-level equivalents. They so easily are misinterpreted by parents -- and even often by educators -- that we have avoided them.AUTOreading Overview. AUTOreadingTM is a suite of eight subtests that measure the accuracy and rate of phonological (sound), orthographic (spelling), and semantic (meaning) skills. AUTOreadingTM can be used by students in grades K through 12. When used for screening, specific sets of subtests are used together, with the screening subtests ... AUTOreading emerged from many years of research as a fully automated, computer-administered measure of decoding, word identification, and comprehension. It can be used both for universal screening and progress monitoring. AUTOreading includes eight individual subtests of 30 items, with one to four subtests recommended per grade level, to ... The FastBridge adaptive assessments for reading and math reduce testing time by up to 50-95% when compared with traditional screeners. Our extensive research has enabled the aReading test of 30 to 60 items to replace a traditional test of about 100 items with equal or greater accuracy and actionable results. FastBridge is a universal screening, diagnostic reporting, and progress-monitoring tool that combines Computer-Adaptive Testing (CAT) with Curriculum-Based Measures (CBM) for reading and math grades K-8. FastBridge builds a strong Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) that ensures educators have the right tools and the right data to provide ...dichotomous (defined by a cut-point on a reading test given later in the students’ career). Where this cut-point is set (e.g., the 10th or 40th percentile) and the specific criterion reading test used to define reading failure (e.g., a state test or SAT 10) greatly affects which students a screen seeks to identify” (RTI Network, 2015).7 months ago. Updated. Print Topic | Email Topic. The Training and Resources tab contains benchmarks and norms for each FastBridge assessment. These PDFs provide the …FastBridge Adaptive Math (aMath) is a brief, reliable, and valid assessment used for universal screening and monitoring of student growth throughout the year for students in Kindergarten through Grade 12. Screening scores identify each students’ academic performance level using risk benchmarks and national norms, provide growth rates and ...To edit, click the edit link in the Selected Students section. 2. Use the Progress Monitoring Setup section to determine details for the Progress Monitoring plan. Start by selecting the Monitoring Assessment. Next, select the Monitoring User from the dropdown menu. Note: this does not grant the teacher access to the student in FastBridge.FastBridge easyCBM CORE Phonics Survey Really Great Reading Phonological Awareness Survey Acadience Comprehension, Fluency and Oral Language Diagnostic Acadience (formerly DIBELS Next) DIBELS 8th Edition AimsWeb Plus FastBridge easyCBM Summative assessments, e.g. unit tests, projects and assignments EQAO …

CBMmath Process Scoring Methods. Math Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) has been available for over 30 years and provides an important tool for both screening and progress monitoring students’ math skills. Although available, it is not used as widely as CBM for reading, perhaps because traditional formats such as paper and pencil are …. Indian grocery store sugar land

The FastBridge Reading assessment consists of five subtests or measures that assess specific literacy skills. The specific subtests within FastBridge Reading assessment may vary depending on the version and grade level being used, but here are the subtests and the skills you will encounter on the FastBridge Reading assessment.Sep 11, 2019 ... ... FastBridge as the screener to meet RSA requirements and district benchmarks. The FastBridge ... CBM Reading and CBM Math. FastBridge reports ...The norms for Spanish reading assessments were developed using User Norms derived from schools that screened at least 90% of their students. Due to a variety of uses for which Spanish norms might be applied, FastBridge surveyed customers that use earlyReading Spanish and CBMreading Spanish assessments to learn the types of Spanish programs from ...Illuminate Education publishes a number of different screening measures for reading, math, and behavior. On the FastBridge Group Screening Report, teachers can view these screening scores along with benchmark and normative information. Benchmarks and Norms. To briefly review, a benchmark is a goal or target that students should meet to be ...CBM Reading (F, W, S) Alphabet Knowledge Oral Reading Fluency (F, W, S) i-Ready Diagnostic Phonics Domain (F, W, S) Oral Reading Fluency ... CBM Reading . Updated 09/20/2021 easyCBM MAP Suite Star Early Literacy + RAN FastBridge Suite/FAST CBM Reading . Updated 09/20/2021 easyCBM MAP Suite Star Early Literacy + RAN …The FastBridge adaptive assessments for reading and math reduce testing time by up to 50-95% when compared with traditional screeners. Our extensive research has enabled the aReading test of 30 to 60 items to replace a traditional test of about 100 items with equal or greater accuracy and actionable results. The type of questions and response format is …The good news is that the document was duplicating information that is available from the vendor in the FastBridge system. The official Fastbridge benchmarks and norms are located in Fastbridge > Training & Resources > Benchmarks & Norms. Looking for the quick reference document? The document was created by a non-FastBridge/non-IA …FastBridge Targets – Reading CBM-Reading aReading & AUTOReading Composite. Updated 1/21 AutoReading - Subtests ... Early Reading (K & 1) Updated 1/21 CBMR 0-8 0-20 0-38 9-14 21-37 39-66 15-35 38-68 67-91 36-73 69-97 92-121 73 97 121 . … The exception is that in the Spring only, seventh grade students below the 30th %ile on Reading MAP complete additional FastBridge assessments to help determine possible eligibility for reading intervention support in eight grade. Literacy assessments include reading grade level passages (also called a Reading Curriculum-Based Assessment or R-CBM). CBMreading is an evidence-based assessment used to screen and progress monitor students in reading competency in grades 1-8. The assessment is designed to be highly …The passages for CBMreading are available in the Downloads area. To print them out go to the Training and Resources tab. (1). Select Downloads (2) under CBMreading. Selecting the desired resource by grade, will open the .pdf., so it can be saved or printed. The same passages are used for all periods, they just rotate.The passages for CBMreading are available in the Downloads area. To print them out go to the Training and Resources tab. (1). Select Downloads (2) under CBMreading. Selecting the desired resource by grade, will open the .pdf., so it can be saved or printed. The same passages are used for all periods, they just rotate..

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